THE NINETEENTH century drew to a close, scientists could reflect with satisfaction thatthey had pinned down most of the mysteries of the physical world: electricity, magnetism,gases, optics, acoustics, kinetics, and statistical mechanics, to name just a few, all had falleninto order before them. They had discovered the X ray, the cathode ray, the electron, andradioactivity, invented the ohm, the watt, the Kelvin, the joule, the amp, and the little erg.

If a thing could be oscillated, accelerated, perturbed, distilled, combined, weighed, or madegaseous they had done it, and in the process produced a body of universal laws so weightyand majestic that we still tend to write them out in capitals: the Electromagnetic Field Theoryof Light, Richter’s Law of Reciprocal Proportions, Charles’s Law of Gases, the Law ofCombining Volumes, the Zeroth Law, the Valence Concept, the Laws of Mass Actions, andothers beyond counting. The whole world clanged and chuffed with the machinery andinstruments that their ingenuity had produced. Many wise people believed that there wasnothing much left for science to do.

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